It can be tempting for investors to focus on specific assets, but it’s important to include some diversification to act as a hedge and balance out potential instability.
For many market participants, gold has a reputation for being a reliable investment diversifier due to the fact that it has the ability to act as a hedge against volatility.
Here’s a look at how the yellow metal allows for diversification and why it is a good hedge, plus an explanation of how to use gold as a portfolio hedge.
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Why use gold investments as a hedge?
The yellow metal is looked at as a hedge investment in many different situations, but to understand why it can be a good hedge, it’s useful to break down what exactly a hedge is. A hedge is an investment position whose main purpose is to offset potential losses or gains related to another asset.
The first and most popular use of gold as a source of protection is when investors use it to hedge against the decline of a currency, typically the US dollar. When the dollar slips, the yellow metal not only becomes less expensive to hold, but also tends to rises in value.
“Gold’s relationship with the dollar is determined by US-based gold supply and demand, as well as by the status of the dollar as the reserve currency globally,” states the World Gold Council. “Historically, a weak dollar tends to provide a stronger boost to gold’s performance than the drag created by a strong dollar.”
By holding the precious metal as a diversification tool when the economy negatively affects currencies, investors can incur gains from the metal’s increased value.
Additionally, gold can also act as a defense against inflation. This is the second reason why gold makes a good hedge — its resilience in the face of inflationary environments. When the cost of living begins to rise, the stock market tends to plunge. In those cases, investors with assets that are negatively affected by a volatile market need something to balance that out — that’s where gold comes in.
Over the past 50 years, investors have seen gold make huge gains when the stock market is crumbling. As Investopedia points out, “This is because, when fiat currency loses its purchasing power to inflation, gold tends to be priced in those currency units and thus tends to arise along with everything else.”
Interestingly, the yellow metal has also been used as a hedge against deflation. This situation has not occurred since the Great Depression of the 1930s (and to a much smaller degree after the 2008 financial crisis); it happens when prices drop, the economy is in a downturn and excessive debt looms.
Market participants may decide to hoard cash in this type of scenario, and the safest place to hold cash is in gold. Again, while this situation is not commonplace, many investors keep the yellow metal in their portfolios on the off chance that another massive period of deflation takes place.
Finally, gold investing can be used as a general portfolio hedge when market participants hold investments that are not related to one another. Since the precious metal has a history of having a negative correlation to stocks, bonds and other financial instruments, investors often diversify by owning a portfolio that combines gold with stocks and bonds in order to reduce both volatility and risk.
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While it is true that the yellow metal goes through times of volatility, its spot price has always maintained its value over the long term, making it a steady addition to investors’ portfolios.
How to use gold investments as a hedge
Investors who have decided to add gold to their portfolio as a hedge have a variety of options. Here’s a look at three of the most popular ways of getting exposure to the yellow metal.
Physical gold
Physical gold investors are generally looking for 0.999 fine items. Several products fit this description, and one of the most preferred is gold bullion coins, such as the South African Krugerrand or the American Gold Eagle. Another option is gold rounds, which are similar to coins, but are not legal tender.
Gold bars are another popular option. They come in a variety of sizes, so this category of products can accommodate a range of investors.
Large investments may best be made in bars since bigger sizes are available. Further, it is often easier to manage large products than it is to manage an array of smaller gold items.
Gold buyers will want to keep their plans to sell in mind — for example, large products may be more difficult to sell in some instances. Individuals making ongoing or significant investments may therefore want to consider purchasing gold in various weights.
If you are looking to purchase physical gold as a hedge in your portfolio, it can be done through government mints, private mints, precious metals dealers and even jewelry stores.
Gold exchange-traded funds (ETFs)
One of the common ways in which investors add gold as a hedge is through investing in a gold ETF.
Gold ETFs trade like stocks on an exchange and offer exposure to different aspects of the gold market. For instance, some ETFs focus solely on physical gold bullion, while others focus on gold futures contracts. Still others focus on the gold-mining market itself or follow live prices for the metal.
It is important to keep in mind that investors who own gold ETFs do not own any physical gold — even gold ETFs that track physical gold generally cannot be redeemed for tangible yellow metal.
Nonetheless, gold ETFs are a good option for getting exposure to the precious metal without personally trading physical gold, gold futures or gold stocks. Click here for a list of five popular gold ETFs.
Gold futures
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell gold on a date in the future for a price determined when the contract is initiated. The futures market is often referred to as an arena for paper trading. The bulk of the activity is just that, as metal is not actually exchanged and settlements are made in cash.
In some cases, the futures market can be an arena for purchasing physical gold. However, obtaining gold through the futures market requires a large investment and involves a list of additional costs. The process can be complicated, cumbersome and lengthy, which is why this option is considered best for highly experienced market participants.
This is an updated version of an article first published by the Investing News Network in 2019.
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Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
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